Table 1 City Level Estimates of Industrial Sector Carbon Dioxide Emissions 1990 – 2000: Controlling for ISO 14001 and ICLEI (Fixed Effects Panel)

Population

.590 (.538)

Population Density

-.182 (.474)

Income

18.539 *** (4.230)

16.947 ** (3.570)

Income Squared

-1.315 *** (.302)

-1.201 *** (.253)

CO₂ Per Unit Value of Manufactured Shipments

.868 *** (.043)

.869 *** (.043)

ISO 14001

-.011 (.042)

ICLEI

-.147 * (.080)

-.139 * (.075)

Constant

-58.945 *** (17.619)

-46.643 *** (12.620)

R² (within)

.807

.805

   (overall)

.471

.235

N observations (groups)

256 (128)

256 (128)