Table 2 Statistical summary of dependent variables for the Poisson and the multivariate probit models
Variable | Description | Expected sign | Mean | SE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable | ||||
New rice varieties | Practice is implemented (1 = yes, 0 = no or not sure) | 0.28 | 0.45 | |
Conservation tillage | Practice is implemented (1 = yes, 0 = no or not sure) | 0.17 | 0.38 | |
Optimizing fertilizer management | Practice is implemented (1 = yes, 0 = no or not sure) | 0.37 | 0.48 | |
Water-saving irrigation | Practice is implemented (1 = yes, 0 = no or not sure) | 0.57 | 0.49 | |
Pesticide reduction technology | Practice is implemented (1 = yes, 0 = no or not sure) | 0.50 | 0.50 | |
Planting green manure in winter season | Practice is implemented (1 = yes, 0 = no or not sure) | 0.46 | 0.50 | |
Planting-breeding technology | Practice is implemented (1 = yes, 0 = no or not sure) | 0.31 | 0.46 | |
Low carbon technologies | Adoption intensity of low carbon technologies (taking on values from 0 to 7) | 2.66 | 1.36 | |
Independent Variable | ||||
Farmer characteristics | ||||
Gender | 1 if the farmer is male; 0 otherwise | + | 0.91 | 0.29 |
Age | Age of the farmers (years) | ± | 49.74 | 8.81 |
Education | Farmer having a formal education (no = 0, primary school = 6, junior high school = 9, senior high school = 12, university = 16) | + | 6.39 | 4.01 |
Experience | Years of rice farming experience of the farmer | + | 18.86 | 10.54 |
Household size | Number of family members | + | 4.34 | 1.26 |
Farmer behavior | ||||
Climate change awareness | 1 if the farmer realize climate change; 0 otherwise | + | 0.47 | 0.50 |
Low carbon agriculture awareness | 1 if the farmer realize low carbon agriculture; 0 otherwise | + | 0.33 | 0.47 |
Risk aversion | 1 if the farmer practices crop diversification; 0 otherwise | + | 0.35 | 0.48 |
Field characteristics | ||||
Farm income ratio | Income ratio from rice farming of total income (1 = 0–24%; 2 = 25–49%; 3 = 50–74%; 4 = 75–100%) | − | 2.41 | 1.12 |
Farm size | Total rice area planted in hectares | + | 3.99 | 2.47 |
Machinery ownership | 1 if the farmer owns any tractor or harvester; 0 otherwise | + | 0.37 | 0.48 |
Soil fertility deficiency | 1 if the farmer’s field is nutrient deficient; 0 otherwise | − | 0.61 | 0.49 |
Sufficient water irrigation | 1 if the farmer has an adequate source of water for irrigation; 0 otherwise | + | 0.66 | 0.47 |
External environment | ||||
Credit access | 1 if the farmer has access to credit; 0 otherwise | + | 0.44 | 0.50 |
Technical support | 1 if the farmer get technical support; 0 otherwise | + | 0.33 | 0.47 |
Subsidies | 1 if farm subsidy received by implementing mitigation practices; 0 otherwise | + | 0.61 | 0.49 |